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Таблицы по грамматике английского языка
Раздел | Иностранные языки |
Класс | - |
Тип | Другие методич. материалы |
Автор | Романовская Е.А. |
Дата | 04.11.2015 |
Формат | doc |
Изображения | Есть |
PRONOUNS (МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ)
PERSONAL (ЛИЧНЫЕ)
POSSESSIVE (ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ)
Subjective case (имен. пад.)
(кто? что?)
Objective case (косв. пад.)
(кого? кому? чего? чему?)
Relative form (относит. форма)
(ЧЕЙ?)
Absolute form (абсолютная форма без
сущ-ных)
Ед.ч.
I (я)
You (ты)
He (он)
She (она)
It (о не одуш.)
Me (мне, меня)
You (тебе, тебя)
Him (ему, его)
Her (ей, ее)
It (ему, ей, его, ее)
My (мой,-я,-е)
Your (твой,-я,-е)
His (его)
Her (ее)
Its
Mine (мой, -я, -е)
Yours(твой, -я, -е)
His(его)
Hers(ее)
Its
Мн.ч.
We (мы)
You (вы)
They (они)
Us (нам, нас)
You (вам, вас)
Them (им, их)
Our (наш,-а,е,-и)
Your (ваш, -а,-е,-и)
Their (их)
Ours (наш, -а, е, -и)
Yours (ваш, -а, -е, -и)
Theirs (их)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Указательные местоимения)
SINGULAR (ед.ч.)
PLURAL (мн.ч.)
Рядом с говорящим
THIS
(эта, этот, это)
f/e: This is a book.
Give me this book.
THESE
(эти)
f/e: These are books.
Give me these books.
На расстоянии от говорящего
THAT
(та, тот, то)
f/e: That is a book.
That book is good.
THOSE
(те)
f/e: Those are books.
Take those books.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Возвратные местоимения)
SINGULAR (ед.ч.)
PLURAL (мн.ч.)
+ SELF (сам,-а)
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself
F/e: Do it yourself! (Сделай это сам!)
+ SELVES (сами)
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
f/e: They will do it themselves. (Они сделают это сами.)
WORD ORDER IN THE AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов утв. предл.)
1 2 3 4
Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство
Jane plays the piano very well.
P.S. Дополнение - косвенное (кому?) стоит перед прямым дополнением
Дополнение - прямое (кого? что?)
F/e: Give me a book. (me - косвенное; a book - прямое)
НО! Give a book to me (если косвенное дополнение стоит после прямого, то перед косвенным дополнением должен стоять предлог "to")
WORD ORDER IN THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов вопр.пред.)
Вопр. слово Вспом. гл. Подлежащее Сказуемое Доп-ние Обст-тво
Does Jane play the piano very well?
WHAT does Jane play very well?
How does Jane play the piano?
Who plays the piano very well?
THE ENGLISH TENSES SYSTEM (Система времен английского глагола)
PRESENT (наст.)
PAST (прош.)
FUTURE (буд.)
SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
(простое; неопределенное)
V; Vs
V2
(did)
shall V
will V
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
(длительное)
am
is V ing are
was Ving
were Ving
shall be Ving
will be Ving
PERFECT SIMPLE
(завершенное простое)
has V3
have V3
had V3
shall have V3
will have V3
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(завершенное длительное)
has been V ing
have been V ing
had been V ing
shall have been V ing
will have been V ing
SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN THE INDIRECT SPEECH
(СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В КОСВЕННОЙ РЕЧИ)
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT
PERFECT
PAST PROGRESSIVE
PAST
SIMPLE
FUTURE SIMPLE
Direct speech
(Прямая речь)
V(s)
am
is Ving
are
has V3
have V3
Was Ving
Were Ving
V2
Shall V
Will V
PAST SIMPLE
PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
Indirect speech
(Косвенная речь)
V2
Was Ving
Were Ving
had V3
had been Ving
had V3
should V
would V
Pronouns SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and their derivatives
(местоимения SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY и их производные)
(+)
(-), (?)
(-)
(+), (-)
SOME
(некоторый, несколько)
(not) ANY
NO
EVERY
SOMEBODY
(кто-то)
(not) ANYBODY
(никто)
(кто- то)
NOBODY
(никто)
EVERYBODY
(все, каждый)
SOMETHING
(что-то)
(not) ANYTHING
(ничто, ничего)
(что-то)
NOTHING
(ничто, ничего)
EVERYTHING
(все)
SOMEWHERE
(где-то)
(not) ANYWHERE
(нигде, где-то)
NOWHERE
(нигде)
EVERYWHERE
(везде)
+ I have some books.
- I have not any (no) books.
? Have you any books? - Yes, I have some. No, I haven't any.
BUT! Would you like some coffee? - Не хотите ли выпить кофе?
May I have some tea? - Можно мне выпить чаю? (предложение, просьба)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
(степени сравнения прилагательных)
POSITIVE
(положительная)
COMPARATIVE
(сравнительная)
SUPERLATIVE
(превосходная)
SHORT
SAD
DRY
WHITE
WONDERFUL
+ ER
SHORTER
SADDER
DRIER
WHITER
MORE WONDERFUL
+ EST
(the) SHORTEST
(the) SADDEST
(the) DRIEST
(the) WHITEST
(the) MOST WONDERFUL
REMEMBER!
GOOD
BAD
LITTLE
MANY, MUCH
FAR
LATE
OLD
BETTER
WORSE
LESS
MORE
FARTHER, FURTHER
LATTER /LATER
OLDER/ ELDER
(the) BEST
(the) WORST
(the) LEAST
(the) MOST
(the) FARTHEST, FURTHEST
THE LATEST, THE LAST
THE OLDEST/ ELDEST
ADVERBS
FORMATION: SLOW + LY
QUICKLY, BADLY, COLDLY, POLITELY
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
(степени сравнения наречий)
POSITIVE
(положительная)
COMPARATIVE
(сравнительная)
SUPERLATIVE
(превосходная)
FAST
OFTEN
FASTER
MORE OFTEN
FASTEST
MOST OFTEN
REMEMBER!
BADLY
WELL
LITTLE
MUCH
FAR
WORSE
BETTER
LESS
MORE
FARTHER, FURTHER
WORST
BEST
LEAST
MOST
FARTHEST, FURTHEST
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS (множественное число существительных)
NOUN + S (a book - books, a pen - pens)
IF NOUN ENDS (-s, -ss, -x, -o, -ch, -sh, -tch) + ES (a bench - benches)
SPELLING CHANGES:
-
СОГЛАСНАЯ + Y = I+ ES (A FACTORY - FACTORIES)
ГЛАСНАЯ + Y + S (a PLAY - PLAYS)
-
- F; - FE = V +ES A WOLF - WOLVES, A WIFE - WIVES)
REMEMBER! CHIEF + S (начальник), SAFE + S (сейф), CLIFF+S (утёс)
ROOF + S (крыша), HANDKERCHIEF + S (носовой платок, шейная косынка)
-
OE + S (A POTATO - POTATOES)
REMEMBER! PIANO + S, PHOTO + S
REMEMBER!
ONLY IN SINGULAR
ONLY IN PLURAL
A MAN - MEN
A WOMAN - WOMEN
A CHILD - CHILDREN
AN OX - OXEN
A GOOSE - GEESE
A FOOT - FEET
A TOOTH - TEETH
A MOUSE - MICE
A PERSON - PEOPLE
NEWS
HAIR
ADVICE
KNOWLEDGE
LUGGAGE
FURNITURE
INFORMATION
PHYSICS
TROUSERS
CLOTHES
GOODS
SPECTACLES
SCISSORS
ARCHIVES
CATTLE
ALSO REMEMBER!
Has the same form for singular and plural form
AN ENGLISHMAN- ENGLISHMEN
A FRENCHWOMAN- FRENCHWOMEN
BUT! A GERMAN- GERMANS
A DEER - DEER
A SHEEP - SHEEP
A SWINE - SWINE
A FISH- FISH
A FRUIT- FRUIT
THE ARTICLE (АРТИКЛЬ)
INDEFINITE (неопределенный)
A, AN
DEFINITE (определенный)
THE
а pen (1-я согласная)
an apple (1-я гласная)
the pen
the books
the meat
the rain
F/e: 1. THIS IS A BOOK. THE BOOK IS GOOD.
-
THIS IS _ MILK. THE MILK IS FRESH.
-
LOOK AT THE BLACKBOARD.
-
THIS IS A BIG APPLE.
THE ARTICLES ARE NOT USED!
-
AFTER AND BEFORE PRONOUNS (my, your, his, her, our, their, this, that, these, those) - It's my a hat. Take that a book.
-
BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (liquid, natural phenomenon, abstract matter, substance that must be weighed (flour, sugar, rice etc.) materials) - a water, a rain, an air, a butter.
-
AFTER POSSESSIVE CASE - My father's a car.
-
AFTER AND BEFORE CARDINAL NUMERAL (one, two etc.) - He has one an English book.
-
AFTER NEGATIVE PRONOUN "NO" - There is no a letter on the table.
-
BEFORE AND AFTER ADJECTIVES - This apple is a big. BUT! This is a big apple.
MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)
PRESENT (настоящее)
PAST (прошедшее)
FUTURE (будущее)
CAN (могу, умею)
F/e: I can read.
COULD
F/e: I could read when I was 5 years old.
SHALL BE ABLE TO
WILL BE ABLE TO
F/e: I will be able to swim next summer.
MAY
(могу, имею разрешение)
F/e: May I come in?
MIGHT
F/e: He might go home when he had written the task.
SHALL BE ALLOWED TO
WILL BE ALLOWED TO
F/e: John will be allowed to go abroad in few days.
MUST (должен, вынужден))
F/e: You must learn the rules!
I am to go there. - должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание)
HAD TO
F/e: I had to copy the text twice.
I was to go there.- предстояло
SHALL HAVE TO
WILL HAVE TO
F/e: We will have to read the book again.
SHOULD (следует)
F/e: Jane should go to the library.
OUGHT TO (следует)
F/e: Pete ought to buy this book.
THE PASSIVE VOICE (страдательный залог)
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST
INDEFINITE
be + P II
(Participle II)
am
is told
are
was told
were told
shall be told
will be told
should be told
would be told
CONTINUOUS
be + being P II
am
is being told
are
was being told
were being told
________
_______
PERFECT
have been P II
have been told
has been told
had been told
shall have been told
will have been told
should have been told
would have been told
TYPES OF QUESTIONS (типы вопросов)
________________________________________________
-
GENERAL Question (общий вопрос)
F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT? - Yes, I am.
DO YOU WORK? - No, I do not (don't).
DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH? - Yes, I do.
-
alt="Таблицы по грамматике английского языка."ERNATIVE Question (альтернативный вопрос)
F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT OR A DOCTOR? - I am a student.
DO YOU WORK OR STUDY? - I work.
DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH OR FRENCH? - I like English.
-
SPECIAL Question (специальный вопрос)
WHO? - КТО?
WHAT? - ЧТО? КАКОЙ?
WHOSE? - ЧЕЙ?
WHOM? - КОМУ? КОГО?
WHERE? - ГДЕ?
WHEN? - КОГДА?
WHAT COLOR? - КАКОГО ЦВЕТА?
WHAT KIND OF? - КАКОГО ВИДА? КАКОЙ?
WHICH? - КОТОРЫЙ?
HOW? - КАК?
HOW MANY (HOW MUCH)? - СКОЛЬКО?
F/e: WHAT ARE YOU? - I am a student.
WHERE DO YOU WORK? - I work in the office.
WHAT LANGUAGE DO YOU LIKE? - I like English.
4. DISJUNCTIVE Question (разделительный вопрос)
F/e: You are a student, aren't you? - Yes, I am.
You work, don't you? - Yes, I do.
You don't work, do you? - No, I don't.
Present Continuous Tense (Настоящее длительное время)
Форма образование: to be (am, is, are) +Ving
-
I am working at the moment.
-
He is not (isn't) working.
-
Are you writing a letter now?
Present Continuous Tense употребляется:
-
Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в момент речи:
He is reading a book. Don't make any noise, he is sleeping.
-
Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в настоящий период времени, хотя и не обязательно в момент речи:
He is writing a new play.
-
Для выражения будущего длительного действия в обстоятельственных придаточных предложениях условия и времени, которое вводятся союзами if, when, while, etc.
If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.
-
Для выражения будущего действия, когда выражается намерение совершить действие или уверенность в его совершении:
He is taking his examination on Friday.
NOTE: Не употребляющиеся глаголы в во временах группы Continuous:
-
Глаголы выражающие чувственные восприятия:
to see - видеть
to feel - чувствовать
to smell - нюхать, пахнуть
to hear - слышать
to taste - пробовать на вкус, иметь вкус
-
Глаголы выражающие эмоциональное состояние:
to envy - завидовать
to like - нравиться
to love - любить
to fear - бояться
to prefer - предпочитать
to hope - надеяться to regret - сожалеть to hate - ненавидеть
-
Глаголы выражающие умственное состояние:
to believe - верить
to consider - считать
to recognize - узнавать
to suppose - предполагать
to know - знать
to forget - забывать
to notice - замечать
to think - думать
to mean - иметь в виду
to remember - помнить
to understand - понимать
to imagine - представлять
-
Глаголы выражающие желание:
to desire, to wish- желать to want - хотеть
-
Глаголы выражающие отношение между предметами:
to appear, to seem - казаться
to belong - принадлежать
to exist - существовать
to have - иметь
to consist - состоять
to contain - содержать в себе
to own - владеть
to cost - стоить
to depend - зависеть
to weigh - весить
to possess - обладать
| SIMPLE TENSES |
| ||||||
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| Types of the sentences | Present | Past | Future | Future-in-the-Past |
| ||
| Positive (+) | I You V We They He She V+ es/s It E.g. We usually work. He goes to the Zoo every Sunday. | I You We They V +ed/ V2 He She It E.g. They worked yesterday. He went to the Zoo 2 years ago. | I / We shall V You They He will V She It E.g. We shall work next week. He will go to the Zoo tomorrow. | I / We should V You They He would V She It E.g. (He said that) We should work next week. He would go to the Zoo the next day. |
| ||
| Negative (-) | I You We do not V They He She does not V It E.g. I don't like it. He does not go to the Zoo every Sunday. | I You We They did not V He She It E.g. I didn't like it. He did not go to the Zoo yesterday. | I / We shall not V You They He will not V She It E.g. I shan't cook tomorrow. He will not go to the Zoo tomorrow. | I / We should not V You They He would not V She It (He said that) We should not work next week. He would not go to the Zoo the next day. |
| ||
| Interrogative (?) | I Do you V we they he Does she V It E.g. Do you live here? Does he go to the Zoo every Sunday? | I you we Did they V ? he she It E.g. Did you live here last year? Did he go to the Zoo last year? | Shall I / we V ? you they Will he V ? she It E.g. Shall we do it tomorrow? Will he go to the Zoo tomorrow? | Should I / we V ? you they Would he V ? she It E.g. Should we do it tomorrow? Would he go to the Zoo the next day? |
| ||
| Clue words | Usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year) | Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago | Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in |
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CONTINUOUS TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I am
You
We are Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am reading book at 5 o'clock today.
She is doing her homework now.
I
He was Ving
She
It
You
We were Ving
They
E.g. When I came they were reading book.
She was doing her homework at 5 o'clock yesterday.
I / We shall be Ving
You
They
He will be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will be reading book.
She will be doing her homework at 10 o'clock tomorrow.
I / We should be Ving You
They
He would be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should be working at 10 o'clock the next day.
He would be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
Negative (-)
I am
You
We are not Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am not reading book.
She is not doing her home task now.
I
He
She was not Ving
It
You
We were not Ving
They
E.g. When I came they weren't reading book.
She wasn't doing her home task at 5 o'clock yesterday.
I / We shall not be Ving
You
They
He will not be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will not be reading book.
She will not be doing her homework at 10 o'clock tomorrow.
I / We should not be Ving
You
They
He would not be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should not be working at 10 o'clock the next day.
He would not be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
Interrogative (?)
Am I
you
Are we Ving ?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Am I reading book.
Is she doing her home task now?
I
he
Was she Ving ?
it
you
Were we Ving ?
they
E.g. Were you reading book?
Was she doing her homework at 5 o'clock yesterday?
Shall I / we be Ving ?
you
they
Will he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Shall we be doing it whole day tomorrow ?
Will she be doing her homework at 10 o'clock tomorrow?
Should I / we be Ving ?
you
they
Would he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Should we be doing it whole day tomorrow?
Clue words
Now, at ... o'clock today, at the moment, still.
When I came..., from... till o'clock yesterday, whole, while
When I come..., from... till o'clock tomorrow, whole, while
PERFECT TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I
You
We have V +ed/ V3
They
He
She has V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have just talked
He has already written a letter.
I
You
We
They had V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had talked
He had written a letter.
I / We shall have V +ed/ V3
You
They
He will have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will have written a letter by 5 o'clock tomorrow.
I / We should have V +ed/ V3
You
They
He would have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would have written a letter by 5 o'clock the next day.
Negative
(-)
I
You have not V +ed/ V3
We
They
He
She has not V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have never talked about it.
He has not written a letter yet.
I
You
We
They had not V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had not talked about it.
He had not written a letter.
I / We shall not have V +ed/ V3
You
They
He will not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will not have written a letter by 5 o'clock tomorrow.
I / We should have V +ed/ V3
You
They
He would not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would not have written a letter by 5 o'clock the next day.
Interrogative (?)
I
you V +ed/ V3 ?
Have we
they
he
Has she V +ed/ V3 ?
it
E.g. Have they ever talked about it?
Has he written a letter yet?
I
you
we
Had they V +ed/ V3 ?
he
she
it
E.g. Had they ever talked about it?
Had he written a letter yet?
Shall I / we have V +ed/ V3?
you
they
Will he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Will he have written a letter by 5 o'clock tomorrow?
Should I / we have V +ed/ V3?
you
they
Would he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Would he have written a letter by 5 o'clock the next day?
Clue words
Just, already, yet, never, ever, recently, for
For, by … o' clock yesterday, before.
by … o' clock tomorrow, before
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I
You have been Ving
We
They
He
She has been Ving
It
E.g. We have been reading since morning.
I
You
We
They had been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
I / We shall have been Ving
You
They
He will have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
I / We should have been Ving
You
They
He would have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that) We should have been reading for 2 hours.
Negative (-)
I
You have not been Ving
We
They
He
She has not been Ving
It
E.g. We have not been reading since morning.
I
You
We
They had not been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had not been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
I / We shall not have been Ving
You
They
He will not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall not have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
I / We should not have been Ving
You
They
He would not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that)We shall not have been reading for 2 hours.
Interrogative (?)
I
Have you been Ving?
we
they
he
Has she been Ving?
it
E.g. Have we been reading since morning?
I
you
we
Had they been Ving?
he
she
it
E.g. Had we been reading since morning?
Shall I / we have been Ving?
you
they
Will he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Will we have been reading for 2 hours when they come?
Should I / we have been Ving?
you
they
Would he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Would we have been reading for 2 hours?
Clue words
since
since
for
for
The verb to be in the Present, Past, Future Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
FUTUTE TENSE
Positive (+)
I - am (I'm)
You
We are ('re)
They
He
She is ('s)
It
I am a student.Я (есть) студент.
You are a student.. Ты (есть) студент.
He is a student. Он (есть) студент.
I
She, He was ('s)
It
You
We were ('re)
They
I was a student. Я был студентом.
He was a student. Он был студентом.
You were a student. Ты был студентом.
I, We - shall be ('ll be)
You
They
He will be ('ll be)
She
It
I shall be a student. Я буду студентом.
He will be a student. Он будет студентом.
You will be a student. Ты будешь студентом.
Negative (-)
I am not ('m not)
You
We are not (aren't)
They
He
She is not (isn't)
It
E.g. He is not at home.
We are not students.
I
He
She was not (wasn't)
It
You
We were not (weren't)
They
E.g. He was not at home.
We were not students.
I / We shall not be (shan't be)
You
They
He will not be (won't be)
She
It
E.g. He will not be at home.
We shall not be students.
Interrogative (?)
Am I
you
Are we ?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Is he at home?
Are we students?
I
he
Was she ?
it
you
Were we ?
they
E.g. Was he at home?
Were we students?
Shall I / we be ?
you
they
Will he be ?
she
It
E.g. Will he be at home?
Shall we be students?
Clue words
Today, now, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)
Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago
Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in
The verb to have (got) in the Present, Past, Future Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
FUTUTE TENSE
Positive (+)
I
You
We have ('ve ) (got)
They
He
She has ('s) (got)
It
E. g. They have a big house.
He has a new car.
I
You
We
They had ('d) (got)
He
She
It
E. g. They had a house.
He had a black car.
I / We shall have ('ll have) (got)
You
They
He will have ('ll have) (got)
She
It
E.g. We shall (We'll) have a big house.
He will (He'll) have a new car.
Negative (-)
I
You have not (haven't) (got)
We
They
He
She has not (hasn't) (got)
It
E.g. They have not a house.
He has not a new car.
I
You
We
They had not (hadn't) (got)
He
She
It
E.g. They had not a house.
He had not a black car.
I / We shall not (shan't) have (got)
You
They
He will not (won't) have (got)
She
It
E.g. We shall not have a big house.
He will not have a new car.
Interrogative (?)
I
you (got) ?
Have we
they
he
Has she (got) ?
it
E.g. Have they a house?
Has he a car?
I
you
we
Had they (got)?
he
she
it
E.g. Had they house?
Had he a black car?
Shall I / we have ?
you
they
Will he have (got)?
she
It
E.g. Shall we have a big house?
Will he have a new car?
Clue words
Today, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)
Yesterday, last week (month, year), ... ago
Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in
Prepositions of place and direction
Prepositions
Предлоги
For example
Например
on
на (где? куда?)
on the table (где?)
on the table (куда?)
на столе
на стол
in
в (где?)
The flowers are in the vase
Цветы в вазе.
into
в (куда, во что?)
Put the flowers into the vase
Положи цветы в вазу
to
в (куда?)
to the country
в деревню (загород)
from
из, от, с, у
from the country
from Peter
from the table
из деревни
у Петера
со стола
out of
из (из внутри ч. л.)
out of room
из комнаты
off
с (со) (с поверхности ч.-л.)
off the table
со стола
near, at, by
у, около, за
near (by) the window
at the table
у окна
за столом
behind
позади
behind the house
за домом
under
под
under the bed
под кроватью
in front of
перед
in front of the house
перед домом
among
среди
among the balls (many balls)
среди мячиков
between
между
between the balls (two balls)
между мячиков
in the middle of
в середине
in the middle of the room
в середине комнаты
above
над
above the tree
над деревом
next to
рядом
next to the shop
рядом магазином
on the left
с лева
on the left of the supermarket
с лева от супермаркета
on the right
с права
on the right of the drugstore
с права от аптеки
Prepositions of movement
English
Russian
across the road
через дорогу
through the wood
через лес
across the river
через реку (вплавь, на лодке)
over the river
через реку (по мосту, по воздуху)
over the fence
через забор
along (down) the street
по улице
down (up) the river
по реке
across the sea
по морю
about the town
по городу
about the room
по комнате
along the corridor
по коридору
about the country
по стране
Prepositions of time
English
Russian
at 6 o'clock
at noon
at midnight (at night)
at sunrise (sunset)
в шесть часов
в полдень
в полночь (ночью)
на восходе солнца (на закате)
in spring
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
весной
утром
днем
вечером
in September
в сентябре
in two hours
через два часа
in 2007
в 2007 году
on Monday
в понедельник
on the 1st of September
первого сентября
after dinner
после обеда
before entering the institute
перед (до) поступлением в институт
by 5 o'clock
к пяти часам
since morning
с утра
during the holidays
в течение каникул
from ... (morning) till (until) ... (night)
с … (утра) до … (ночи)
Conditional sentences
I type (Real Condition)
Present Simple Tense
(If- clause)
Future Simple Tense
(Principal clause)
If Subject+ do/ does
E.g. If she comes in time,
+
Subject+ shall/will+ do
we shall go to the theatre
II type (Unreal Condition)
Past Simple Tense
(If- clause)
Future- in- the Past
(Principal clause)
If Subject + did
E. g. If she came in time,
+
Subject should/ would +do
we should go to the theatre (сегодня, завтра)
III type (Unreal Reference)
Past Perfect Tense
(If- clause)
Future in the Past + Perfect Tense
(Principal clause)
If Subject + had done
E.g. If she had come in time,
+
Subject should/ would + have done
we should have gone to the theatre (вчера)
Conjunctions: if, unless, in case, as soon as, when, before, after, till (until), while
-
Past Indefinite: I wish he were with us. - Жаль, что он не с нами. Либо: Как мне хотелось, чтобы он был с нами. I wish I knew it. - Жаль, что я не знаю об этом.
-
Past perfect: I wish he had stayed at home. - Жаль, что он не остался дома.
-
would+ Infinitive, might+ Infinitive, could + Infinitive: I wish he would tell me everything. - Как бы мне хотелось, чтобы он мне все рассказал. I wish that you would (could) call tomorrow (today) - Я хочу, чтобы Вы позвонили завтра.(сегодня)